Since average growing season length is determined first (in total days), starting and stopping dates must be calculated. Associated with the 70% probability value of growing season length are the average dates of the beginning and end of a growing season of this length. The 70% value of growing season length represents the upper bound of the NORMAL category 70% of years will have a growing season less than or equal to this length, and 30% will have a growing season greater than this length. Associated with this length are the average dates of the beginning and end of the growing season. The average growing season length is shown in the WETS Table as the 50% probability value.
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Growing Season Dates and Length Probabilities The estimation of freeze probabilities was based upon the work of Thom and Shaw ( 1958) and Thom ( 1959), which was later modified by Vestal ( 1970, 1971). This allows for the first "fall" freeze to occur after December 31, which sometimes happens in warmer climates. It coincides more closely with previous definitions of the annual march of temperature, in which the warmest time of year occurs near August 1, and the cold season extends beyond December and into the following winter months. This season definition follows that of the National Climatic Data Center ( 1984b). Therefore, for purposes of calculating the "growing season" with the WETS program, the climatological year begins on August 1 of the previous year and ends on July 31 of the following year. Last spring dates of occurrence for a given year are obtained from the period August 1 of the previous year through July 31 of the given year (e.g., spring season for 1971 runs from August 1, 1970, through July 31, 1971, except for the selected starting year, which begins on January 1).įirst fall dates of occurrence are obtained from the period August 1 of a given year through July 31 of the following year (e.g., fall season of 1971 runs from August 1, 1971, through July 31, 1972, except for the selected ending year, which ends on December 31). Growing Season DefinitionsĪll freeze dates are based upon the season August 1 through July 31 for each threshold temperature. For this reason, the WETS program allows users to select the three threshold temperatures. It is not unusual for surface temperature and air temperature to vary by four degrees or more. It should be noted that temperatures near the ground may be significantly lower than temperatures measured at five feet, the normal height that air temperatures are observed. At these temperatures, the ground freezes solid, with the depth of the frozen ground dependent on the duration and severity of the freeze, soil moisture, and soil type. 24 degrees F and less is a severe freeze: Heavy damage to most plants.28 to 25 degrees F is a moderate freeze: Widely destructive effect on most vegetation with heavy damage to fruit blossoms, tender and semi-hardy plants.32 to 29 degrees F is a light freeze: Tender plants killed, with little destructive effect on other vegetation.Threshold surface temperatures of 32, 28, and 24 degrees Fahrenheit are generally used to determine the effects of air temperature on plants using the following commonly accepted classification ( National Climatic Data Center, 1984b):
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The growing season length is determined from daily minimum temperature values. This represents a temperature threshold of 28 degrees F or lower at a frequency of 5 years in 10. The growing season can be approximated as the period of time between the average date of the last killing frost in the spring to the average date of the first killing frost in the fall.
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As this quantitative determination requires in-ground instrumentation which is not usually available, growing season can be estimated by approximating the number of frost free days.
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The growing season is defined as that part of the year when soil temperatures at 50 cm (20 inches) below the soil surface are higher than biologic zero (5 degrees C, 41 degrees F).